2017年醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)考試找準(zhǔn)六點(diǎn)翻譯長(zhǎng)難句
1. 找準(zhǔn)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
如果找到了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,就說(shuō)明有句子存在。那么,如何尋找謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞呢?記住:有時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞就一定是謂語(yǔ),但是要弄清非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別。接著,順著謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞往前找,如果有引導(dǎo)詞存在的話,說(shuō)明這個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所在的句子就是個(gè)從句,再根據(jù)引導(dǎo)詞前的單詞判定這是個(gè)什么從句:
1) 如果引導(dǎo)詞前面是個(gè)名詞,則要根據(jù)情況來(lái)判斷是定語(yǔ)從句還是同位語(yǔ)從句;
2) 如果引導(dǎo)詞前面是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,說(shuō)明這個(gè)從句是賓語(yǔ)從句;
3) 如果引導(dǎo)詞前面是系動(dòng)詞,說(shuō)明這個(gè)從句是表語(yǔ)從句;
4) 如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前面是狀語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞,說(shuō)明這個(gè)從句是狀語(yǔ)從句;
如果順著謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞往前找,卻沒(méi)有引導(dǎo)詞,說(shuō)明這是主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,那么它的前面就是主語(yǔ),后面就應(yīng)該是賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)了。
例題:This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in,a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a lossinl989.
2. 找準(zhǔn)并列連詞
常見(jiàn)的并列連詞有:and,but,yet,or,so,for,not only…but also…,neither…nor,to get her with 等等。有這些單詞的句子里一般就有并列結(jié)構(gòu)存在,并且很可能存在著省略現(xiàn)象,因此注意要推斷出省略的成分。
例題:They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing) man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
3. 找準(zhǔn)引導(dǎo)詞
從句就是”引導(dǎo)詞+句子”,所以,找到引導(dǎo)詞就找到了從句,再根據(jù)引導(dǎo)詞前的單詞確定其是什么從句。
名詞性從句的連接詞:that,what(ever),who(ever),where,when,why,how,whether. . . or not 等。
定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞:that,which,who,whom,whose,as,when,where,why 等。
狀語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系連接詞:when,while,as,though,although,where,even if 等。
例題:Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which,in its strongest form,states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.
4. 找準(zhǔn)名詞
一般的長(zhǎng)句子中,名詞一般作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),其后一般都有修飾限定成分,即定語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)。
例題:Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we call expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
5. 確認(rèn)非謂語(yǔ)和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
-個(gè)句子的主句最重要的特征就是有完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),尤其是要有獨(dú)立的謂語(yǔ)部分。do/does 和is/am/ are 的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化都可以作謂語(yǔ),但是單純的to do/doing/done 和to be/being 的形式是不可以作謂語(yǔ)的。一個(gè)看似句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。如果沒(méi)有獨(dú)立的謂語(yǔ)部分,那它就不是一個(gè)句子,而是分詞短語(yǔ)或者獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
經(jīng)典例句:With as many as 120 varieties in existence,discovering how cancer works is not easy。
6. 確認(rèn)各種復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)
英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句中存在很多的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu),如倒裝、強(qiáng)調(diào)、省略、插人等等。首先要了解認(rèn)識(shí)這些結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn), 其次要會(huì)確認(rèn)和應(yīng)對(duì)。比如說(shuō)插人結(jié)構(gòu),讀句子時(shí),先不要理會(huì)插入語(yǔ),先把主句的意思看完。然后再看插入部分。
經(jīng)典例句:Today,stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn,among other things,that you might-surprise! -fall off.