2016年職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)衛(wèi)生類(lèi)語(yǔ)法輔導(dǎo):非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之分詞
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也叫非限定動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主要包括不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞),即動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式除了不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)外, 具有動(dòng)詞的部分語(yǔ)法特征,可以承擔(dān)句子的任何成分。
分詞
1. 分詞作定語(yǔ)
1)分詞作定語(yǔ)既可以放在所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語(yǔ),也可以放在所修飾的詞后面,作后置定語(yǔ)。其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。例如:
Where are the reserved seats?(=Where are the seats which have been reserved?)
預(yù)定的座位在哪里?
This is a pressing problem.(=This is a problem which is pressing.)
這是一個(gè)緊迫的問(wèn)題。
2)分詞作后置定語(yǔ)可分為限制性(緊跟在所修飾的中心詞之后)和非限制性(用逗號(hào)與其所修飾的中心詞分開(kāi))兩種,其作用分別相當(dāng)于一個(gè)限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。例如:
The funds raised(= which have been raised)are mainly used for helping the homeless.
籌集的資金主要用來(lái)幫助那些無(wú)家可歸的人。
There are many students waiting(= who are waiting)to get examined.
有許多學(xué)生在等待檢查。
This book,written(= which is written)in simple English,is suitable for beginners.
本書(shū)是用淺顯的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)的,適合初學(xué)者。
3)分詞常和形容詞、副詞或名詞構(gòu)成合成形容詞作定語(yǔ)。例如:
The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone.
那位手持鮮花的姑娘一定在等人。
The newly-built building is our office building.
這座新建的大樓是我們的辦公樓。
4)有些不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ),并不表示被動(dòng)的意思而是表示完成。這類(lèi)過(guò)去分詞常作前置修飾語(yǔ)。例如:
There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn.
秋天有許多落葉。
The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man.
這部電影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事。
常用的這一類(lèi)詞有:fallen,faded,returned,retired,risen,grown up,vanished等。
2. 分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
1)跟分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:catch,have get,keep,hear,find,feel,leave,make,want,start,notice,observe,watch,set等。例如:
When they returned home from the holiday,they found their house stolen.
當(dāng)他們度假完回到家時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)房子被盜了。(過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng))
2)在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中,用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ),說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者,形成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系;用過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ),表示賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。例如:
There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself heard.
由于十分吵鬧,講話人沒(méi)法讓人聽(tīng)到他的聲音。
When he awoke,he found himself being looked after by an old woman.
他醒來(lái)的時(shí)候發(fā)現(xiàn)一位老大娘正在照顧他。
3. 分詞作狀語(yǔ)
1)分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),可以表示時(shí)間、原因、讓步、條件、方式或伴隨狀況。通?赊D(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句;表示方式或伴隨狀況的可以轉(zhuǎn)換成并列句或非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。例如:
Confined to bed(= Because she was confined to bed),she needed to be waited on in everything.
她臥病在床,什么事都需要人伺候。(作原因狀語(yǔ))
Having only book knowledge(= If you only have book knowledge),you will not be
able to work well.
如果只有書(shū)本知識(shí),你就不可能做好工作。(作條件狀語(yǔ))
They stood there waiting for the bus.(=They stood there and waited for the bus.)
他們站在那里等公共汽車(chē)。(作方式狀語(yǔ))
2)現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的用法比較
不管是現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ),如果單獨(dú)作狀語(yǔ),其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須和主句的主語(yǔ)一致。分詞作狀語(yǔ)通?梢赞D(zhuǎn)換成一個(gè)相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句,如果狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),就用過(guò)去分詞;如果狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),就用現(xiàn)在分詞。有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào),分詞前可帶連詞when,while,if,though,as if,unless等一起作狀語(yǔ),以便使句子的意思更清楚、更連貫。例如:
Working hard(If you work hard),you will succeed.
如果你努力,你會(huì)成功的。
Defeated(= Though he was defeated),he remained a popular boxer.
雖然他被擊敗了,但他仍然是一個(gè)受人喜愛(ài)的拳擊手。
4. 分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
1)分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),要特別注意其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)一致。否則,分詞必須有自己的主語(yǔ),這種帶主語(yǔ)的分詞被稱(chēng)為分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),或叫獨(dú)立主格。在句中作狀語(yǔ),表示時(shí)間、原因、條件等。例如:
The project finished,they had a two weeks'leave.
完成那個(gè)計(jì)劃后,他們休了兩周假。
He being absent,nothing could be done.
由于他缺席,什么事也沒(méi)法干。
2)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)也可以用“with/ without +名詞(或代詞的賓語(yǔ))+ 分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu),表示伴隨狀況。例如:
They sat there silently,(with)their eyes fixedon the lake.
他們靜靜地坐在那里,眼睛看著湖面。
With him helping me,I felt lucky.
有他的幫助,我感到很幸運(yùn)。
5 . 容易混淆的現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞
像 interesting 和 interested 一類(lèi)的分詞在意義和用法上很容易混淆,一般可作如下區(qū)分:
(1)一部分表示“情感;心情”等意義的動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞有“令人……的;具有……性質(zhì)的”的意思,常用來(lái)說(shuō)明人或事物的特征或性質(zhì)。如:
The president made an inspiring speech at the meeting yesterday.
(2)它們的過(guò)去分詞有“感到……的”的意思,用來(lái)指人的感覺(jué)或所處的狀態(tài),因而它的主語(yǔ)一般不可能是指物的詞。如:
He was too excited to fall asleep.
這類(lèi)容易混淆的分詞常見(jiàn)的有: encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; inspiring, inspired; interesting, interested; puzzling, puzzled; astonishing, astonished; surprising, surprised 等。
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞經(jīng)典例題解析:
1.The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,did’t include women players until 1919.
A.first playing
B.to be first played
C.first played
D.to be first playing
析:根據(jù)題干,必須選表示被動(dòng)的選項(xiàng),故排除A、D;因B選項(xiàng)表“將要被舉行”意,不合題干之用,只有C選項(xiàng)(相當(dāng)于which was first played)才合用。
2.European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A.making
B.makes
C.made
D.to make
析:B、C是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,在此不可用。D項(xiàng)to make或表目的,或表“將要使得”,這都不合題干情景。只有A.making,可作狀語(yǔ),表結(jié)果。再舉一現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)例: The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽車(chē)被大風(fēng)雪所阻,因而耽誤了。
3.Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.
A.to be taken
B.to take
C.being taken
D.taking
析:根據(jù)this evening,應(yīng)選表示將來(lái)義的選項(xiàng),C、D應(yīng)排除。Take后無(wú)賓語(yǔ),必然要用被動(dòng)式,故答案為A。
4.John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A.to wash
B.washing
C.wash
D.to be washing
析:根據(jù)be made to do sth.句式,可定答案為A。
5.The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.
A.to eat not
B.eating not
C.not to eat
D.not eating
析:根據(jù)warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式,可排除B、D兩項(xiàng);又根據(jù)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定式not總是在首位的規(guī)律,又可排除A,而定C。
6.I usually go there by train. Why not ______ by boat for a change?
A.to try going
B.trying to go
C.to try and go
D.try going
析:此題可根據(jù)why not后直接跟原形動(dòng)詞規(guī)律而一舉確定正確答案為D。若將B項(xiàng)改為try to go,則要根據(jù)其與try going意義之別來(lái)確定答案。依據(jù)題干對(duì)話內(nèi)容,乙方是建議甲方嘗試乘船變變花樣,所以答案仍為D。
7.______ a reply,he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving
B.Receiving not
C.Not having received
D.Having not received
析:非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定式not應(yīng)置于首位,B、D皆為錯(cuò)誤形式。A項(xiàng)不能表達(dá)先于decided的動(dòng)作,只有選C項(xiàng)才表沒(méi)收到信在先,決定再寫(xiě)信在后,所以C為正確答案。
8.Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.
A.to invent
B.inventing
C.to have invented
D.having mvented
析:consider表“考慮”意時(shí),其后動(dòng)詞用doing形式,此處不表“考慮”,而表“認(rèn)為”,這時(shí)consider后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)多為to do,to have done,to be等形式。據(jù)此可排除B、D兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)。又因A表“要發(fā)明”意,不合題用,只有C表“發(fā)明了”意,才合題用,故選C。
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